Terrorism remains one the biggest security challenges across Africa today. From Al-Shabaab in the Horn of Africa to ISIS-linked groups in the Sahel, armed groups continue to grow in strength, move across borders and carry out deadly attacks. Despite the rising threat, many African intelligence agencies are struggling to keep up. The problem is not just funding or technology, but how these agencies function, who they answer to, and whether people trust them.
In many African countries, intelligence agencies are centralized and often tied to political leadership. Instead of focusing purely on national security, they are sometimes used to monitor critics of the government or protect political interests. This challenges their professionalism and limits their effectiveness. It also weakens public trust. In communities most affected by violence, citizens are often reluctant to share information because they fear surveillance or retaliation.
Another major issue is the lack of cooperation between African states. Terrorist groups do not respect borders, but intelligence services often work alone. Regional bodies like the African Union’s Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa (CISSA) were meant to improve collaboration, but progress has been slow. Many countries hesitate to share sensitive information, and there is no strong system to analyze and act on shared threats.
This lack of coordination has serious consequences. In 2024, Al-Shabaab’s violent streak was rose, with August being the most active month. This shows how quickly these groups can move and adapt. Kenyan intelligence officials have admitted that early warning signs get missed – partly because there was no real-time exchange of data between security agencies in the two countries.
As a result, African governments often turn to foreign powers like the United States or France for intelligence and support. These partnerships bring resources, training, and surveillance capabilities. But they also create dependance. Western powers can offer tools, but often lack deep knowledge of local dynamics. And when operations go wrong, it is African civilians who pay the price.
The nature of terrorism has also changed. Today’s militant groups use encrypted messaging apps and social media to recruit and spread fear. Many African intelligence agencies are not equipped to monitor these platforms. They lack digital tools, skilled analysts, and cyber units. This puts them several steps behind.
There are ways forward. First, intelligence agencies need to become more professional and accountable. That means reducing political interference and improving oversight through laws and independent institutions. Agencies also need better training and technology, especially in digital security and regional analysis. Most importantly, they must build trust with local communities. People on the ground are often the first to spot suspicious activity but they will only speak if they feel safe.
Some countries are making progress. Rwanda has built local intelligence networks that help detect threats early. Ghana’s National Security Strategy, launched in 2021, focuses on coordination across agencies and the use of non-military approaches to prevent violence. These are not perfect models, but they show that reforms are possible.
Africa’s future security cannot depend on drones, foreign bases, or short-term foxes. It requires homegrown intelligence systems that are smart, trusted, and able to respond quickly. The threats are evolving. If African intelligence does not evolve too, the continent remains exposed.
[Image Credit: DALL·E by OpenAI – for illustrative purposes only.]
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author.
Jasleen Gill is an Independent Researcher and Fellow at the International Relations Society of Kenya (IRSK) and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. She holds a degree in International Relations from United States International University Africa (USIU-A). Her research focuses on geopolitical and intelligence analysis and global security.
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